.clearfix:before,.clearfix:after{content:"\0020";display:block;height:0;overflow:hidden}.clearfix:after{clear:both}.ltIe8 .clearfix{zoom:1}.hidden{display:none}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,div,table,tr,td,th,ol,ul,li,ul li,li a,dl,dt,dd,form,fieldset,img,p,a{margin:0;padding:0;border:none}ul,li{list-style:none}table,tr,td,th{border-collapse:collapse}img{border:none}a,a:active,a:visited{color:#339}a:hover{color:#006}#middleWrapper input[type="button"],#middleWrapper input[type="submit"]{background-color:#fab116;border:0 none;border-radius:2px 2px 2px 2px;color:#fff;display:inline;font-size:9px;font-weight:bold;padding:6px 8px;text-transform:uppercase}#middleWrapper input[type="button"]:hover,#middleWrapper input[type="submit"]:hover{}body,p,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,td,hr,div{font-size:100%;font-weight:normal;margin:0;padding:0}#content h1{font:23px/1 "Times New Roman",Georgia,serif;margin:0 0 0.5em}#content h1.breadcrumb{font:bold 12px Arial,sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;color:#339}#content h2{margin:1.3em 0 0.6em 0;line-height:1.4em;color:#443;font-weight:bold}#content h3{font-weight:bold;color:#443}#content h4{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:0.9em;font-weight:bold;color:#222;margin:1.6em 0 -0.9em 0}#content h2 a,#content h2 a:hover{color:#d3492a;text-decoration:none}#content p{margin:0.6em 0;line-height:1.4em}#content li{margin:0.6em 0;line-height:1em}#content li li{font-size:100%}#content blockquote{margin:1.2em 4em;font-size:0.75em;line-height:1.5em}#content ul.disc,#content ul.disc li{list-style-type:disc;list-style-position:outside}#content ul.disc{margin:0 1em 0 3em}#leftcol{font:13px/1.5em Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif}#leftcol p,#leftcol li,#leftcol h2,#leftcol h3,#leftcol dl,#leftcol dt,#leftcol dd,#leftcol li li{font-size:100%}#leftcol img{vertical-align:middle}#leftcol h2{margin:0;color:#333;font-weight:bold}#leftcol dt{clear:left;float:left;padding-right:0.2em}#leftcol dd{padding-right:1em}#leftcol dl{margin-bottom:1em}#leftcol p{margin:1em 0}#leftcol hr{border:none;border-top:1px solid #bfbeba;margin:0.75em 0;height:1px}#leftcol .leftform form{padding:0 0.8em!important}#leftcol .contenttype{font-size:0.95em}#leftcol .toc li{padding-left:0.8em;background:url(/images/bullet.gif) no-repeat 0 0.5em;margin:0.3em 0}#leftcol .toc li li{background:url(../images/dash.gif) no-repeat 0 0.3em}#leftcol .relc{margin-top:1em}#leftcol .relc:first-child{margin-top:0}#leftcol .relc ul{padding:0}#leftcol .relc #showMore ul{margin-left:-10px!important}#leftcol .relc li{padding-left:0.8em;background:url(/images/bullet.gif) no-repeat 0 0.5em;margin:0.3em 0}#leftcol .relc li a{text-decoration:none}#leftcol li a{font-size:12px}.error{font-weight:bold;color:#910}.hit{background-color:#ec5;color:#220}#content a.hit{background-color:#ec5;color:#220;text-decoration:none}.more{margin-top:8px}.more,.more a{font:bold 11px Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;text-decoration:none;color:#b34427}#leftcol .more{font-size:0.95em;font-weight:bold;background:url(../images/ico-morearrow-left.gif) no-repeat right center;padding-right:10px}html{background-color:#eae7dc}body{font:16px Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;background:url(/images/2011/bg_main.png) repeat-x 0 0 #eae7dc;color:#444}body.oupCookie{background-position:0 63px}.oupCookie #oupcookiepolicy_message{height:39px}#shrinkwrap{position:relative;width:790px;margin:0 auto 25px;border:1px solid #bfbeba;border-top:0 none}#masthead{height:135px;background:url(../images/2011/bg_header.gif) repeat-x left top #b34427}#footerWrap{height:90px;overflow:hidden;background-color:#002147}#logo{float:left;margin:15px 0 0 18px}#logo img{width:447px;height:43px}#navAndSearchWrap{margin-bottom:4px}#mainNav{height:44px;font:bold 11px/44px Arial,sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase}#mainNav ul{}#mainNav li{position:relative;float:left;border-right:1px solid #525244;z-index:999}#mainNav li.learningCenter{float:right;border:0 none}#mainNav a{display:block;height:44px;color:#d1d3d4;text-decoration:none;padding:0 18px}#mainNav li.learningCenter a{color:#fab116;background:transparent url(../images/2011/learning_center_arrow.gif) no-repeat 5em 17px;width:155px;text-align:right}#mainNav li:hover a{background-color:#423d2b}#mainNav li .dropdown{position:absolute;top:42px;left:-999em;z-index:99991;line-height:14px;width:181px;padding:5px 18px 10px;font-size:12px;text-transform:none;background-color:#e4e1da;border:1px solid #423d2b;border-top-width:6px}#mainNav li:hover .dropdown{left:0}#mainNav li:hover.learningCenter .dropdown{left:auto;right:0;width:154px}#mainNav ul ul{}#mainNav li li{float:none;border:0 none;border-top:1px solid #c8c6c4;font-weight:bold}#mainNav li li:first-child{border:0 none}#mainNav li:hover li a{height:auto;padding:8px 0;background-color:transparent;color:#4e4e4e}#mainNav li:hover li a:hover{text-decoration:underline}#mainNav li:hover.learningCenter li a{background:transparent none;width:auto;text-align:left}#mainNav li li span{}#topNav{position:absolute;right:16px;top:3px}#topNav ul{overflow:hidden;margin:10px 0 0 0;float:right;font-size:10px;font-weight:bold;text-transform:uppercase}#topNav li{float:left;margin-left:15px}#topNav a{font:10px/25px Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#fab116;text-decoration:none}#topNav li.login a{display:block;width:65px;line-height:25px;text-indent:-999em;background:url(../images/2011/btn_login.gif) no-repeat scroll 0 0 transparent}#topNav li.logout a{display:block;width:65px;line-height:25px;text-indent:-999em;text-align:left;background:url(../images/2011/btn_logout.gif) no-repeat scroll 0 0 transparent}#topNav a:hover,#midNav a:hover{text-decoration:underline}#midNav{height:8px}#midNav ul{float:right;margin:-57px 17px 0 0}#midNav li{float:left;height:15px;line-height:12px;margin:0 0 0 14px;padding:0 0 0 15px;background:url(../images/2011/midnav_divider.gif) no-repeat left 4px transparent}#midNav li:first-child{background:transparent none}#midNav li a{font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:10px;font-weight:bold;color:#fff;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none}#footerWrap p,#footerWrap a{font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#fff;text-decoration:none}#footerLeft img{margin:20px 0 95px 20px;float:left}#footerRight #subscriberName{padding:0.7em 0.8em 0.7em 0.4em;float:right}#footerRight #subscriberLogo{padding:2px 1.2em 0 0;float:right}#footermid{padding:12px 0 0 20px;color:#5a3029;clear:both;font-size:0.917em;font-weight:bold;border-top:2px solid #4c647e}#footermid p{font-size:10px}#footerWrap #sponsor{background-color:#4d647e;float:right;margin:20px 20px 0 0}#sponsor .preamble,#sponsor .accountName{display:block;float:left;padding:5px 10px;color:#fff;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:14px}#sponsor .accountName{padding-left:0}#sponsor img{display:block;float:left;border:5px solid #fff}#footerWrap{width:790px;height:192px;background-color:#002147}#tool_bar li a,#tool_barBottom li a{color:#fff;text-decoration:none;font-weight:bold;text-transform:uppercase}#tool_bar li a:hover,#tool_barBottom li a:hover{color:#eae7dc}#tool_bar li,#tool_barBottom li{display:inline;padding-right:0.5em}#resultsTools li a{color:#eee;text-decoration:none;font-weight:bold}#resultsTools li span.last_off,#resultsTools li span.first_off{color:#998;text-decoration:none;font-weight:bold}#resultsTools li a:hover{color:#ccc}#resultsTools .hit{font-size:0.7em;background-color:#ec5;color:#220;padding:0 0.2em}#resultsTools li a .off{text-decoration:none}#resultsTools li a .on{text-decoration:underline}#resultsTools li a:hover .off{text-decoration:underline}#resultsTools li a:hover .on{text-decoration:none}#toolbarWrapper,#toolbarWrapper2,#toolbarWrapper3,#toolbarWrapperBottom{background-color:#423d2b;width:100%;overflow:hidden;font-size:11px}#tool_bar,#tool_barBottom{float:left;border-right:1px solid #565b64;background-color:#585040;height:23px;padding:7px 0 0 10px;width:214px}#tool_bar ul{}#tool_bar li{}#tool_bar a{}#tool_bar img,#tool_barBottom img{vertical-align:middle}#toolbarWrapperBottom,#toolbarWrapper{position:relative}.pageTools{}.pageTools img{display:none}.pageTools li a{padding:2px 12px 3px 19px}.pageTools .icoPrint a{background:transparent url(/images/ico-print.gif) no-repeat left center}.pageTools .icoEmail a{background:transparent url(/images/ico-email.gif) no-repeat left center}.pageTools .icoCite a{background:transparent url(/images/ico-cite.gif) no-repeat left center}#resultsTools{float:right;width:565px;background-color:#423d2b;height:29px}#resultsTools li img{display:inline;vertical-align:middle}#resultsTools #rtPrev{margin:8px 0 0 15px;float:left}#resultsTools #rtPrev .rOn{background:transparent url(/images/ico-prevarticle.gif) no-repeat left center;padding:4px 0 4px 11px}#resultsTools #rtPrev .rOff{background:transparent url(/images/ico-prevresult-off.gif) no-repeat left center;padding:4px 0 4px 11px}#resultsTools #rtNext{margin:8px 10px 0 0;float:right}#resultsTools #rtNext .rOn{background:transparent url(/images/ico-nextarticle.gif) no-repeat right center;padding:4px 11px 4px 0}#resultsTools #rtNext .rOff{background:transparent url(/images/ico-nextresult-off.gif) no-repeat right center;padding:4px 11px 4px 0}#resultsTools #rtResults{float:left;margin:8px 0 0 25px}#resultsTools #rtResults a{background:transparent url(/images/ico-results.gif) no-repeat left center;padding:3px 0 0 11px}#resultsTools #rtHilight{right:17%;margin:8px 0 0;position:absolute;top:0}#resultsTools #rtLook{float:left;margin:8px 0 0 30px}#resultsTools #rtLook .rOn{background:transparent url(/images/ico-lookitup.gif) no-repeat left center;padding:3px 5px 0 12px}#searchForm{position:absolute;left:18px;top:78px;width:400px}#searchForm .radioInputs{margin:0 0 5px;color:#fff;font:11px/1 Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;overflow:hidden}#searchForm .radioInputs label:first-child{margin:0}#searchForm .radioInputs label{margin:0 0 0 12px;vertical-align:middle}#searchForm .radioInputs input{margin:0 2px 0 0;vertical-align:middle}#searchForm .searchfield{padding:9px 35px 11px 10px;width:235px;font-size:13px;color:#808285;border:0 none;background:transparent url(../images/2011/bg_form_search.gif) no-repeat left top}#searchForm .searchbutton{margin:0 0 0 -36px;padding:0;height:32px;width:32px;cursor:pointer;text-indent:-999em;text-transform:capitalize;border:0 none;background:url(../images/2011/btn-search.gif) no-repeat center 10px transparent}.clearhidden{clear:both;visibility:hidden;height:0px}#leftcol{float:left;min-height:60px;width:185px;padding:30px 20px}#leftcol .toc{}#leftcol .toc li a{text-decoration:none!important}#filter li a{text-decoration:none}#content{float:right;padding:17px 12px;width:541px;background:#fff;font-size:13px}.button,.spriteHdr{display:block;overflow:hidden;text-indent:-28em;background-image:url(/images/2011/sprite_headers_home.gif);background-repeat:no-repeat}.figure img{display:block}.section{position:relative}#contentBody{position:relative;background:#fff url(/images/2011/bg_homebody.gif) repeat-y -1px 0px;border-left:1px solid #d5d3cb}#contentBody .aside{float:left;width:224px}#contentBody #mainContent{float:right;width:565px}#mainSideNav{padding:20px 10px;font:12px Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif}#mainSideNav dt{font-weight:bold;padding:0 0 5px}#mainSideNav a{text-decoration:none}#mainSideNav li{display:block;margin:0 0 6px}#mainSideNav .toggle_off,#mainSideNav .toggle_on{padding:0 0 0 13px}#mainSideNav .tSwitch{overflow:hidden;text-indent:-18em;display:inline-block;width:9px;height:9px;background:transparent url(/images/2011/toggle_icn.gif) no-repeat 0px 0px;margin:0 3px 0 -12px}#mainSideNav .tSwitch.tOff{background-position:0px 0px}#mainSideNav .tSwitch.tOn{background-position:0px -9px}#mainSideNav a.current{font-weight:bold}#mainContent{padding:18px 0;font:12px Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif}#mainContent .crumbs{padding:0 14px;text-transform:uppercase;font:bold 11px Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif}#mainContent .crumbs a{text-decoration:none}#mainContent .articleHdr{padding:0 14px 30px;font:21px Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif;color:#5a3029}#mainContent .article{margin:0 14px;border-top:30px solid #eae7dc}#mainContent .article .soc{margin:15px 0}#mainContent .article .soc dt{font-weight:bold;color:#5a3029;margin:0 0 10px}#mainContent .article .soc dd{margin:0 0 10px}#mainContent .articleCopy{}#mainContent .articleCopy h1,#mainContent .articleCopy h2,#mainContent .articleCopy h3{font:bold 13px Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#5a3029;margin:0 0 1em}#mainContent .articleCopy p{margin:0 0 1em}#mainContent .articleCopy ul.standard{display:block;margin:0 0 1em 1em}#mainContent .articleCopy ul.standard li{display:block;margin:0 0 1em}#mainContent .articleCopy{}#mainContent .articleCopy{}#whatsInside{display:block;padding:20px 0 25px;background-color:#d8d4be}#whatsInside .spriteHdr{color:#4a545f;font:bold 13px Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;background-position:17px -168px;height:23px;border-bottom:1px solid #f5f4ef}#whatsInside ul{display:block;overflow:hidden;padding:12px 0 0 25px;margin:0}#whatsInside li{display:block;color:#5a5b5d;float:left;padding:0 15px 0 0;width:172px}#whatsInside li img{float:left}p.error{font:10px Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#c00}select.era{width:180px}#content_pop{padding-top:0.5em;padding-right:1em;padding-bottom:1em;width:33.2em;margin-left:3em}.table{margin-top:15px}#leftcol .toc li.subtoc{background:none;margin-left:10px}#search_form{font-size:0.9em}#search_form input,#search_form select{font-size:0.9em}#content .table{font-size:0.8em}#article_print{width:13cm;text-align:left}a.nolink,a:hover.nolink,a:link.nolink,a:visited.nolink{text-decoration:none}#content_print{padding-left:1.4em;padding-top:1.4em;padding-right:1em;padding-bottom:1.4em;width:33.2em}#content_print p{margin:0.6em 0;font-size:0.8em;line-height:1.4em}#content #default_form form{margin:-1em 0 0 0}#content #default_form legend,#content #default_form label{font-size:0.8em;line-height:1.4em;padding:0}#content #default_form input,#content #default_form select{font-size:0.8em;line-height:1.2em;color:#000}#content #default_form input{padding:2px}#content #default_form label input,#content #default_form label select{font-size:100%}#content #default_form fieldset{border:1px solid #bfbeba;margin:0;padding:1em}#content #default_form fieldset legend{font-weight:bold;color:#333;padding:0 0.3em;margin-left:-0.7em;margin-bottom:0.5em}#content #default_form fieldset fieldset{border:none;padding:0;margin:0}#content #default_form fieldset fieldset legend{background:none;font-size:0.7em;line-height:1.4em;padding:0;color:#000;font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;margin-left:-0.3em}#content #default_form label{display:block;margin:1em 0 0;font-size:0.7em;font-weight:bold}#content #default_form input{display:block}#content #default_form input.ftext{border:1px solid #ccc}#content table.noformat{border-collapse:collapse;background-color:#fff;width:30em;margin:1px;margin-right:1.5em;margin-bottom:1.5em;border:none}#content table.learningcenter{border-collapse:collapse;background-color:#fff;width:auto;margin:1px;margin-right:1.5em;margin-bottom:1.5em;border:none}#content table.noformat td{font-size:0.8em;line-height:1.2em;padding:0.2em 0.2em;border-top:none;border-right:none;font-style:normal;text-align:left}#content table.learningcenter td{font-size:0.85em;line-height:1.2em;border-top:1px solid #eae7dc;border-right:1px solid #ccc;font-style:normal;text-align:left}p.indentpara{padding:0 20px 0 20px}ul.bulleted li{border:1px solid;list-style-type:square}#content .articleimageprint{border:1px solid #ccc;padding:5px;margin-left:1.5em;margin-bottom:1em}#content .articleimageprint img{display:block}#moLookItUpSub,#moLookItUpbottomSub{visibility:hidden}#moLookItUpSub,#moLookItUpbottomSub{position:absolute;background-color:#eae7dc;border:1px solid #999;padding:5px;width:200px;font-size:0.7em;line-height:1em}#sourceInfoSub{visibility:hidden}#sourceInfoSub{position:absolute;background-color:#eae7dc;border:1px solid #999;padding:5px;width:200px;font-size:0.7em;line-height:1em}#content fieldset.formbuttons{background-color:#eeece4;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;padding:0.5em;margin-bottom:0}#content fieldset.formbuttons input,#content fieldset.formbuttons img{vertical-align:middle;line-height:21px}#content fieldset.formbuttonstop{position:absolute;top:auto;width:33.2em;text-align:right;background-color:transparent;border:none;padding:0 0.5em 0 0;margin:-1em 0 2em 0}#content .ataglance li p{font-size:1.23em;line-height:1.4em}#content .ataglance li h3 a{font-size:1.353em;line-height:1.4em}#content .ataglance li a.more{font-size:1.17em}.ltIe8 *{zoom:1}.ltIe8 #leftcol dd,.ltIe8 #leftcol dd i,.ltIe8 #content p,.ltIe8 #content ol,.ltIe8 #content ul,.ltIe8 #content li,.ltIe8 #timeline td a,.ltIe8 .featuresTable td em,.ltIe8 #leftcol dl,.ltIe8 #leftcol .toc ul,.ltIe8 .notalink{zoom:0}.ltIe8 #leftcol .relc li{margin-top:0}.ltIe8 #leftcol hr{margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0}.ltIe8 #homeFocus .supCol a{width:167px}.ltIe8 #mainSideNav .tSwitch{background:none;text-indent:0;line-height:8px;border:1px solid #000;text-align:center;font-size:9px;color:#000}